سناراي ايتيلاه
This glossary will help you understand Tanah Rayan words and phrases you may not be familiar with. Click on the links below (which are underlined words) to get the pronunciation tips.
This glossary will help you understand Tanah Rayan words and phrases you may not be familiar with. Click on the links below (which are underlined words) to get the pronunciation tips.
Abang اباڠ A commoner word for elder brother, which could be used for a boy or a man slightly older than you.
Adinda اديندا, or Dinda ديندا (for short) A word that royals use to address a younger sibling, or just a loved one slightly younger than you.
Adinda اديندا, or Dinda ديندا (for short) A word that royals use to address a younger sibling, or just a loved one slightly younger than you.
Anak اناكChild. It is also
used to refer someone as the ‘child of’ when written as a middle name.
Obviously, it would be specifically equivalent to the 'daughter of so and so' or the 'son of so and so' in
English usage. For example, Mayang anak Kesuma ꦩꦪꦔꦤꦏ꧀ꦏꦼꦱꦸꦩ (Mayang, daughter of Kesuma)
and Lanang anak Tuah ꦭꦤꦔꦤꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦮꦲ (Lanang, son of Tuah).
Anakanda اناكندا a word a monarch or a royal family member would use to address their child, or children.
Anakanda اناكندا a word a monarch or a royal family member would use to address their child, or children.
Angkat sembah اڠكات a royal salute where you
would briefly place your palms together before your face. When you want to
start a conversation with the king, you should at least say “Ampun, Tuanku امڤون، توانكو (Forgive me, Your Majesty)!”
in the beginning while offering the angkat sembah. When you start making
a speech, you would drop your hands. Furthermore, you must slightly bow
your head and rest it against your palm, just below the bases of your
thumbs. The angkat sembah can also be performed towards Silat
(martial arts) masters and your silat opponents during a tournament.
Dancers also greet their guests this way. However, you would bring your
palms before your chests instead.
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| Offering sembah to the royals. |
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| Offering sembah to guests, wedding couples, silat gurus and opponents. |
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| Pesilat (Martial Artists) offering angkat sembah to each other |
Ayahanda اياهندا This means “Father” to the royals.
Baju cekak musang باجو چكاك موساڠ A clothing set for an
aristocratic man consisting of a polo shirt (normally short-sleeves) with
mandarin collar and three studs, as well as trousers (normally matching
ones). Sometimes the baju cekak musang shirt is worn underneath a
long-sleeved cloak.
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| A king wearing a cloak above the baju cekak musang |
Baju kebaya كبايا باجو (or simply “kebaya” كبايا) a knee-length long-sleeved blouse fastened with a three-piece
brooch called kerongsong, and it is worn above an ankle-length sarong. Aristocratic women wear this
costume, and they would normally either wear head sticks or flowers in their hair bun or long flowing,
mantillas or sarongs drawn above their heads.
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| The kebaya worn above a sarong |
Baju kurung باجو كوروڠ A knee-length long-sleeved
tunic blouse with a slot neckline, and it is worn above an ankle-length
sarong. Common women wear this costume. This is also normally worn
by a sarong drawn over the head.
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| Baju kurung with sarong drawn above her head (close up) |
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| Baju kurung woman in full view |
Baju teluk belanga باجو تلوك بلاڠا A commoner (non-aristocratic) man's shirt (normally
short-sleeves) with slot neckline and a pair of trousers (normally matching
ones. Like the baju cekak musang, the baju teluk belanga shirt is
sometimes worn underneath a long-sleeved cloak.
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| Baju teluk belanga worn underneath a collarless cloak |
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| Baju teluk belanga design close up |
Bendahara بنداحارا an administrative position comparable to the grand vizier or prime minister. A lady bendahara is called a bendahari.
Bunian بونيان The
bunians are forest fairies, and they live in a realm separate from
humans. They live in a celestial kingdom called Kayangan, the Bunians have
isolated themselves from the rapidly changing environment in the human realm,
but they can be loyal to humans who are good to them. In their realm, one
day is equal to one year in the human realm. Being magical creatures
themselves, they also have magical animals in their kingdom, especially the
hornbills and orangutans.
Chosen Guardian, the Guardian :
a term used to describe a trusted leader, normally a king or a prince, chosen to guard the Keris
Matahari while serving his country.
Datin داتينthe wife of a Datuk (see
below). Like Datuk, it should always be used in written or verbal
addresses.
Datuk داتوك an
honorific title for men, and it equivalent to the British ‘Sir’ and should
always be used in written or verbal addresses.
Dikir pawang ديكير ڤاواڠ a
pawang dance involving forming circles, head swaying, outstretching extended
hands with up facing palms, hand claps, prostration and music. It tells a
story about celebrating life, showing perseverance as well as showing humility
and respect.
Hulubalang حولوبالاڠ a noble warrior or a
military nobility member. Hulubalangs could be warlords, commanders,
generals or simply warriors. They also swear allegiance to the monarchs
they pledge to serve and protect.
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| Hulubalangs of Nusantara |
Ibu ايبو This
means “Mother” for the commoners.
Another form of saying mother for them would be Mak.
Jabat tangan حابات تاڠان a
gesture in Nusantaran culture where one person would offer another a double glove
handshake. You would notice this being practiced among
friends, family members and relatives. Subsequently, both parties in the
jabat tangan are expected to place their right palms to their hearts. In
addition to that, a younger person is expected to bow and let his or her
forehead touch the older person’s hands before your place your right palm to
your heart. In turn, the older person would do the same to himself or
herself.
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| Offering the jabat tangan (double glove handshake) |
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| In addition to that, lower your forehead while jabat tangan with an older person. |
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| Finally, you are expected to place your right palm to your heart. |
Kampung كامڤوڠVillage.
Kekanda ككاندا , or Kanda كاندا (for short) : a word that royals use to address an elder sibling, or a loved one slightly older than you.
Kekanda ككاندا , or Kanda كاندا (for short) : a word that royals use to address an elder sibling, or a loved one slightly older than you.
Kota كوتا City
Orangutan ايراڠوتان a large mainly solitary
arboreal ape with long red hair, long arms, hooked hands and feet.
Pantun ڤانتون a rhyming verse form with four lines in a stanza, normally the first line would rhyme with the third, and second line with rhyme with the fouth.
Pawang ڤاواڠ a shaman. Pawanghood has a hierarchy system, of which the Grand Pawang sits at the top. A pawang has many roles. Besides being a spiritual leader, a pawang could be an educator, a healer, a martial artist, a philosopher and a magician.
Penghulu ڤڠهولو A village headman or
chief.
Perahu ڤراحو a Polynesian-style
catamaran with sails that the Nusantarans used to sail across the seas and oceans, or a fishing riverboat.
Puaka ڤواكا A demon with a razor sharp
tongue. It feeds on human flesh. It is said that when you come face
to face with a puaka, you need to stay still and it would stop attacking you –
it only attacks you when you move.
Pukau ڤوكاو Hypnosis or
spellbound. It could be done through the use of magic or simply mind
control.
Rehal ريهال An X-shaped foldable book
rest. A reader would first place the rehal on the floor or on a low table.
After lying the rehal on the floor, the reader would in turn lie the selected
book open on top of the rehal before reading the book.
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| A book on top of a rehal |
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| A book lying on top of a rehal |
Surauسوراو a seminary for the pawangs, or simply just a temple. The seminary could be male only, female only or co-educational. The seminary's dorms are
normally across the quadrangle or courtyard from the temple. Besides
spirituality, a surau offers pawangs training in various knowledge
from magic to martial arts, philosophy and medicine.
Tanahتاناه soil, land, country,
state, province.
Temenggung تمڠݢونݢ the chief of public security, and usually responsible for the safety of the monarch as well as the state police and army.
Tuan guru توان ݢورو A silat master, and a
title for a grand pawang.
Tuanku توانكوAn honorary title for a monarch, equivalent to "Your Majesty".
Tuanku توانكوAn honorary title for a monarch, equivalent to "Your Majesty".
Wayang kulit واياڠ كوليت a shadow play with the leather-made puppets played behind a white screen by a tok dalang توك دالاڠ (puppeteer). This show is also accompanied by music - namely the gamelan, gendang drums and serunai flute. Click here for a Wayang Kulit Sample. Click Sample 1 and Sample 2 to listen to the wayang kulit music samples.
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| A Kelantanese wayang kulit scene |
COMMON
PHRASES
Peace to you داماي برسامامو: a common Nusantaran form
of greeting and farewell. The reply to this phrase is “And to you peace”. The word “peace” has various meanings:
peace between people or nations, human welfare or well-being, safety, or a
quiet, restful state of mind.
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